India-Iran Bilateral Relations In The Post-Cold War Period: A Study Of Energy Security, Geopolitics, And Strategic Interests (1991–2020)

Abstract

India–Iran bilateral relations in the post-Cold War (1991–2020) period are considered one of the most intricate and strategically critical partnerships. This relationship is complex, at the intersection of energy security, regional geopolitics, and the conflicting interests of major powers. Using diplomatic archives, trade figures, energy data and analytical research, this study systematically looks into the main factors and constraints for India–Iran relations over three decades. The study claims that although energy issues, namely India’s dependence on Iranian crude oil, have been the base of the relationship, the dynamic has been greatly influenced by geopolitical considerations such as the US sanctions regime, China-Pakistan axis, future prospects in Afghanistan, and multilateral structures including the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Quantitative information on crude oil imports, trade transactions and infrastructure investments in the Chabahar Port project are mixed with qualitative measurements of strategic choices. The results suggest that despite structural limitations, both states have preserved strategic autonomy regarding their engagements, reflecting shared civilizational legacy, complementary strategic interests, and recognition of multipolarity as a desirable world order. The article ends by discussing the possibilities and constraints of the relationship in a more sanctions-oriented context.