The Concept Of Liberation (Moksa) In The Orthodox And The Heterodox Schools Of Indian Philosophy: A Review

Abstract

This review explores the meaning of Moksa (liberation) as it is conceived in both orthodox and heterodox Indian schools of philosophy. Moksa is the ultimate spiritual objective, representing liberation from the cycle of samsara (birth, death, and rebirth) and the achievement of spiritual liberation. The study discusses the meanings of Moksa in different schools of philosophy, both orthodox like Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta, and heterodox such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Cārvāka. Each school propounds a specific view of what liberation is, with the orthodox schools laying particular stress on self-realization, knowledge, and union with God, and the heterodox schools on the abandonment of suffering, destruction of karma, and extinguishing of desire. The investigation offers a comparative examination of the views, how Moksa is associated with ethical behavior, meditation, asceticism, devotion, and wisdom. By examining the philosophical foundations and practices to Moksa, the research provides an in-depth study of how various Indian philosophical traditions conceive of liberation, noting the diverse methods of achieving spiritual freedom and ultimately, transcendence.